An Overview of KQML: A Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language
Reference: KQML Advisory Group — Tim Finin, Don McKay, Rich Fritzson (and Hans Chalupsky, Stuart Shapiro, Gio Wiederhold) (1992/1993). Technical report, DARPA Knowledge Sharing Effort. Source file: kqmloverview.pdf. URL
Summary
This foundational technical report introduces KQML, the language and protocol designed under the DARPA-sponsored Knowledge Sharing Effort to enable interoperability among heterogeneous intelligent agents and knowledge-based systems. It identifies the canonical module types — End User Applications (EUAs), Knowledge-Based Systems (KBs), Knowledge Base Repositories (KBRs), Databases (DBs), and Active Sensors (ASs) — and enumerates the fifteen possible interfaces between them, selecting KB-to-KB knowledge interchange as the central target.
KQML is organized as three layers: a content layer (domain content in KIF or other logic), a message layer (performatives like tell, ask-one, subscribe, advertise, register), and a communication layer (sender, receiver, reply-ids, transport). The report details performatives, facilitators/routers (SKTP), ontology/topic matching, and a Prolog-based implementation. It set the vocabulary and architectural template for nearly all subsequent agent-communication work.
Key Ideas
- Three-layer design: content, message, communication.
- Performatives as named speech-act-like primitives (tell, ask, subscribe, advertise).
- Facilitators/mediators (SKTP) for routing and knowledge-based-service discovery.
- Module taxonomy: EUA, KB, KBR, DB, AS.
- Separation of content language (KIF) from communication language (KQML).
Connections
- KQML
- FIPA-ACL
- Agent Communication Languages
- Ontologies
- Speech Act Theory
- Performatives
- Facilitators
- KQML Language And Protocol — journal companion
- KQML as an Agent Communication Language — tutorial companion
- KQML - A Language And Protocol For Knowledge And Information Exchange — 1994 workshop original
- KIF
- Mentalistic Semantics
- Conceptualization
Conceptual Contribution
- Claim: Large heterogeneous knowledge-based systems need a standard high-level language and protocol for interchange that separates domain content (ontologies/KIF) from communicative intent (performatives) and from transport — KQML provides this missing middle layer.
- Mechanism: Defines module taxonomy (EUA, KB, KBR, DB, AS) and their 15 interfaces; proposes KQML’s three-layer architecture (content / message / communication); specifies performatives (tell, ask-one/all, stream, subscribe, advertise, register, broker, recruit, recommend) inspired by speech acts; specifies SKTP (facilitator) protocol for routing, ontology matching, and service discovery; gives a Prolog reference implementation.
- Concepts introduced/used: KQML, Performatives, Facilitator, SKTP, Content Language, KIF, Knowledge Sharing Effort, Ontology Matching, Speech Acts
- Stance: engineering / foundational
- Relates to: The language critiqued in ACL Rethinking Principles and Verifiable Semantics for ACLs for its mentalistic informal semantics; its performatives are inherited by FIPA-ACL and the conversation work in Coordinating Agents Using ACL Conversations; its ontology-sharing aspirations are addressed by Ontolingua Portable Ontology Specifications.